Curiosity §ß§Ñ §®§Ñ§â§ã§Ö. §£ §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §Ó§ã§Ö, §Ü§à§ß§Ö§é§ß§à, §ß§Ö §ä§Ñ§Ü §Õ§Ú§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú§é§ß§à

§®§Ö§ã§ñ§è §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Õ NASA §ã §Ô§à§â§Õ§à§ã§ä§î§ð §à§Ò§ì§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ, §é§ä§à §Ù§Ñ 11 §Ý§Ö§ä §Ú 2 §Þ§Ö§ã§ñ§è§Ñ §ã §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §á§à§ã§Ñ§Õ§Ü§Ú §â§à§Ó§Ö§â Opportunity §á§â§Ö§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ö§Ý §ß§Ñ §®§Ñ§â§ã§Ö §Þ§Ñ§â§Ñ§æ§à§ß§ã§Ü§å§ð §Õ§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§ð ¨C 42 §Ü§Þ 195 §Þ, §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ñ §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§ð§ð §ã§Ü§à§â§à§ã§ä§î 10,5 §Þ§Ö§ä§â§à§Ó §Ó §ã§å§ä§Ü§Ú. §¯§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§ð §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Õ §á§à§ã§ä§å§á§Ú§Ý§à §ã§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §à §ß§à§Ó§à§Þ §â§Ö§Ü§à§â§Õ§Ö. §¯§Ñ §ï§ä§à§ä §â§Ñ§Ù §à§ä§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ Curiosity, §á§â§à§Û§Õ§ñ 10 §Ü§Þ §Ù§Ñ §ß§Ö§á§à§Ý§ß§í§ç 3 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §ä§à §Ö§ã§ä§î §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ñ§ã§î §ã §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§ß§à §ä§à§Û §Ø§Ö §ã§Ü§à§â§à§ã§ä§î§ð. §£§á§Ö§é§Ñ§ä§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§Ý§Ú §ß§Ö §à§é§Ö§ß§î? §¥§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö §á§à§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§Ú§Þ, §ã §é§Ö§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ú §é§Ö§Ô§à §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ô§Ý§Ú §Ó§ß§Ö§Ù§Ö§Þ§ß§í§Ö §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§ß§í§Ö §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ù§Ñ 45 §Ý§Ö§ä §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ.

§±§²§°§º§­§°§¦

?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ-1? (§­§å§ß§Ñ, 1970¨C1971)

§°§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú§Ù §Þ§Ñ§Ü§Ö§ä§à§Ó ?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ§Ñ? §Ó §Þ§å§Ù§Ö§Ö

§±§à§ä§Ö§â§á§Ö§Ó §ã§à§Ü§â§å§ê§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §á§à§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §Ý§å§ß§ß§à§Û §Ô§à§ß§Ü§Ö, §â§å§Ü§à§Ó§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à §³§³§³§² §ã§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Ý§à §Ó§Ú§Õ, §é§ä§à §Ó§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö §ß§Ö §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à §á§à§ã§í§Ý§Ñ§ä§î §Ü§à§ã§Þ§à§ß§Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Ó §ß§Ñ §­§å§ß§å (§Ö§ë§Ö §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à!) §Ú §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à §å§á§à§â §ß§Ñ §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §³§à§Ý§ß§Ö§é§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ñ§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú.

§±§â§Ö§Õ§á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §à§Ò§à§Ô§ß§Ñ§ä§î §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§è§Ö§Ó §ç§à§ä§ñ §Ò§í §Ó §à§ä§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ü§Ö §ß§Ñ §­§å§ß§å §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§à§å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§à§Ô§à §â§à§Ò§à§ä§Ñ, §ß§à §Ñ§Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§ñ §Ó§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ, §ã§Ý§å§é§Ú§Ó§ê§Ñ§ñ§ã§ñ 19 §æ§Ö§Ó§â§Ñ§Ý§ñ 1969 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §á§Ö§â§Ö§é§Ö§â§Ü§ß§å§Ý§Ñ §ï§ä§Ú §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§í §Ú §å§ß§Ú§é§ä§à§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ñ ?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ-1§¡?. §¡ §å§Ø§Ö §é§Ö§â§Ö§Ù §á§à§Ý§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, 20 §Ú§ð§ß§ñ 1969 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §¯§Ú§Ý §¡§â§Þ§ã§ä§â§à§ß§Ô §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Þ §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§à§Þ, §ã§ä§å§á§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§Þ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ã§á§å§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §©§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ú.

§±§å§Ý§î§ä §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ ?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ§à§Þ?. §¯§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §ê§ä§å§â§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à§Ó, §á§à§Ó§à§â§à§ä§í §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ü§ß§à§á§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú §ß§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§ã§à§Ý§Ú §ã§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ

§¬ §ã§é§Ñ§ã§ä§î§ð, §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§å §ß§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Ò§â§à§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú §Ú ?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ-1?, §à§æ§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §Ñ§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä 8§¦§­ ¡í 203, §Ü§à§ã§ß§å§Ý§ã§ñ §á§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ã§á§å§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ 17 §ß§à§ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1969 §Ô. §©§Ñ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ü§Ñ §ã§Ú§Ô§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú §Ó §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ö §©§Ö§Þ§Ý§ñ¨C§­§å§ß§Ñ §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à 2 §ã§Ö§Ü§å§ß§Õ§í, §ä§Ñ§Ü §é§ä§à §ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §à§ã§à§Ò§í§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ §ã §ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §ß§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§à, §Ü §ß§Ö§Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§à§Þ§å §Ý§Ñ§Ô§å §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §á§â§Ú§Ó§í§Ü§ß§å§ä§î. §±§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ñ§ã§î §ã§à §ã§Ü§à§â§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Õ§à 2 §Ü§Þ/§é ?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ-1? §á§â§à§Ö§ç§Ñ§Ý §Ù§Ñ 301 §ã§å§ä§Ü§Ú 10?540 §Þ. §³§ä§à§Ú§ä §å§é§Ö§ã§ä§î, §é§ä§à §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ô§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §â§à§Ó§Ö§â §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Ó §ã§Ó§Ö§ä§Ý§à§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §ã§å§ä§à§Ü, §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ñ §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §à§ä §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú §à§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§Õ§Ù§Ñ§â§ñ§Õ§Ü§Ú §Ò§Ñ§ä§Ñ§â§Ö§Û, §Ñ §ß§Ñ 14-§Õ§ß§Ö§Ó§ß§å§ð §Ý§å§ß§ß§å§ð §ß§à§é§î §Ó§á§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ý §Ó §ã§á§ñ§é§Ü§å. §´§Ö§Þ§á§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ñ §Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ú §Ô§Ö§â§Þ§Ö§ä§Ú§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§â§á§å§ã§Ñ §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §ã §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î§ð §Ú§Ù§à§ä§à§á§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §ä§Ö§á§Ý§Ñ, §Ú §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §à§ß §Ú§ã§é§Ö§â§á§Ñ§Ý §ã§Ó§à§Û §â§Ö§ã§å§â§ã, ?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ-1? §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §Ó§í§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§î §ß§Ñ §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§î.

§°§Õ§ß§Ñ §Ú§Ù §á§Ñ§ß§à§â§Ñ§Þ, §ã§ß§ñ§ä§í§ç ?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ§à§Þ?

?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ? §Ó§Ö§ã§Ú§Ý 756 §Ü§Ô (125 §Ü§Ô §ß§Ñ §­§å§ß§Ö) §Ú §Ò§í§Ý §â§Ñ§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§à§Þ §ã §Ý§Ö§Ô§Ü§à§Ó§à§Û §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§î, 4,42¡Á2,15¡Á 1,92 §Þ §ã §â§Ñ§ã§Ü§â§í§ä§à§Û §ã§à§Ý§ß§Ö§é§ß§à§Û §Ò§Ñ§ä§Ñ§â§Ö§Ö§Û. §³§â§Ö§Õ§Ú §á§â§à§é§Ö§Ô§à, §â§à§Ò§à§ä §Ú§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ý §ß§Ñ §­§å§ß§Ö §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§à §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§ã§Ñ§Õ§Ü§Ú §á§Ú§Ý§à§ä§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§â§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ñ, §ç§à§ä§ñ §ß§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Ø§Õ§í §ß§Ñ §Ó§à§Ù§â§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§í §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §á§â§Ú§Ù§â§Ñ§é§ß§í§Ö.

§³§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§ß§à §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ú§Ù §Ý§Ö§Ô§Ö§ß§Õ, 8 §Þ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ 1971 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §à§á§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§à§â§í ?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ§Ñ-1? §Ó §é§Ö§ã§ä§î §á§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §Õ§Ó§Ñ§Ø§Õ§í ?§ß§Ñ§â§Ú§ã§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú? §ß§Ñ §­§å§ß§Ö §è§Ú§æ§â§å 8.

§±§â§°§±-§® (§®§Ñ§â§ã, 1971)

§³§Ñ§Þ§à§ç§à§Õ§ß§í§Û §ñ§ë§Ú§Ü §ß§Ñ §Ý§í§Ø§Ñ§ç ¨C §±§â§Ú§Ò§à§â §à§è§Ö§ß§Ü§Ú §á§â§à§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú ¡ª §®§Ñ§â§ã

§¹§Ö§â§Ö§Ù §Ô§à§Õ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö ?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ§Ñ? §Õ§Ó§Ñ §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§ç§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §Ñ§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä§Ñ §à§ä§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ü §®§Ñ§â§ã§å §Ó §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ö §à§Õ§ß§à§ä§Ú§á§ß§í§ç §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Þ§Ö§Ø§á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§Û ?§®§Ñ§â§ã-2? §Ú ?§®§Ñ§â§ã-3?. §³§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Ö §Ñ§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä§í §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§Û §Ü§â§à§Þ§Ö §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Û §Ñ§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§í §ß§Ö§ã§Ý§Ú §Ú ?§â§à§Ó§Ö§â§í? §±§â§°§±-§® (§±§â§Ú§Ò§à§â §à§è§Ö§ß§Ü§Ú §á§â§à§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú ¡ª §®§Ñ§â§ã).

§±§à §ã§å§ä§Ú §ï§ä§à §Ò§í§Ý §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Û §á§à §Ü§Ñ§Ò§Ö§Ý§ð §ñ§ë§Ú§Ü §ã §Õ§Ó§å§Þ§ñ §á§à§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ý§í§Ø§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §®§Ñ§ß§Ú§á§å§Ý§ñ§ä§à§â §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§Ú §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ö§ß §Ò§í§Ý §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§î §Ö§Ô§à §ß§Ñ §Ô§â§å§ß§ä §Ó §Ù§à§ß§Ö §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â, §Ñ §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §Ó §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú §ã §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ü§à§Û §ã§Ú§Ô§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ñ, §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §Ó §á§à§Ý§å§Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ §â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Þ§Ö. §¥§Ý§ñ §à§Ò§ß§Ñ§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§Ö§á§ñ§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Û §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Õ§Ó§Ñ §æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç ?§ë§å§á§Ñ?.

§¦§Õ§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö §Ú§Ù§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §ä§à§é§ß§Ö§Û §Ö§Ô§à §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î, §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Ö ?§®§Ñ§â§ã-3?. §µ§é§Ö§ß§í§Ö §Õ§à §ã§Ú§ç §á§à§â §ã§á§à§â§ñ§ä, §Ô§Õ§Ö §å §ß§Ö§Ô§à §ß§Ú§Ù, §Ô§Õ§Ö §Ó§Ö§â§ç, §Ú §é§ä§à, §ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à, §ß§Ñ §ß§Ö§Þ §Ú§Ù§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§à

§¬ §ã§à§Ø§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ð, §±§â§°§±-§® §ß§Ö §å§Õ§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §á§â§à§Ô§å§Ý§ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §á§à §á§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §®§Ñ§â§ã§Ñ. §³§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Û §Ñ§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä ?§®§Ñ§â§ã-2? §Ó§à§ê§Ö§Ý §Ó §Ñ§ä§Þ§à§ã§æ§Ö§â§å §ã§Ý§Ú§ê§Ü§à§Þ §Ü§â§å§ä§à, §ß§Ö §å§ã§á§Ö§Ý §Ù§Ñ§ä§à§â§Þ§à§Ù§Ú§ä§î §Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ò§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §à §á§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß§à§ã§ä§î §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä§í. ?§®§Ñ§â§ã-3? §á§à§Ó§Ö§Ù§Ý§à §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö. §¡§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä §ã§Þ§à§Ô §ã§à§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ú§ä§î §Þ§ñ§Ô§Ü§å§ð §á§à§ã§Ñ§Õ§Ü§å §Ó§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §á§í§Ý§Ö§Ó§à§Û §Ò§å§â§Ú, §á§à§Ý§ä§à§â§í §Þ§Ú§ß§å§ä§í §Ô§à§ä§à§Ó§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §Ü §ã§Ö§Ñ§ß§ã§å §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú §Ú §Õ§Ñ§Ø§Ö §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§é§å §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ú§Ù§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §³§Ú§Ô§ß§Ñ§Ý §á§â§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §é§Ö§â§Ö§Ù 14,5 §ã§Ö§Ü§å§ß§Õ. §£§à§Ù§à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ú§ä§î §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§î §ã§à §ã§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Þ §Þ§à§Õ§å§Ý§Ö§Þ §ß§Ö §å§Õ§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î. §±§à§ß§ñ§ä§ß§à§Ö §Õ§Ö§Ý§à, §Õ§à §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §±§â§°§±-§® §Õ§Ö§Ý§à §Õ§Ñ§Ø§Ö §ß§Ö §Õ§à§ê§Ý§à.

§¥§à §ß§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ú§ç §á§à§â §ß§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§à §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§à §Õ§Ñ§Ø§Ö §à §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §±§â§°§±-§® §Ó §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ö §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§Û ?§®§Ñ§â§ã?, §Ó §³§³§³§² §ß§Ö §Ý§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§Ú §á§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ú§ç §ß§Ö§å§Õ§Ñ§é§Ñ§ç.

Lunar Roving Vehicle (§­§å§ß§Ñ, 1971¨C1972)

§°§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú§Ù §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§ç §Õ§à§â§à§Ô§Ú§ç §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§Ö§Û §Ó §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ ¨C LRV Apollo 17

§¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§è§í §ß§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Þ§à§â§Ñ§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ã §â§à§Ò§à§ä§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ù§Ñ§ä§à §á§à§ã§Ý§Ñ§Ý§Ú §ß§Ñ §­§å§ß§å §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Û §Ó§ß§Ö§Ù§Ö§Þ§ß§à§Û §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§î ¨C Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV), §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §³§®§ª §Ò§í§ã§ä§â§à §á§â§à§Ù§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú ?§Ý§å§ß§ß§í§Þ §Ò§Ñ§Ô§Ô§Ú?. LRV §Ó§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Ý §Ó §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó §Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§Û Apollo 15 (§Ú§ð§Ý§î 1971), Apollo 16 (§Ñ§á§â§Ö§Ý§î 1972) §Ú Apollo 17 (§Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ò§â§î 1972).

§­§å§ß§ß§í§Û §Ò§Ñ§Ô§Ô§Ú §Ó§à§Ù§Ý§Ö §ã§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ö§Þ§à§Ô§à §Þ§à§Õ§å§Ý§ñ Apollo 16

§¡§ã§ä§â§à§ß§Ñ§Ó§ä§í §ß§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §á§à §­§å§ß§Ö 27,8 §Ü§Þ, 27,1 §Ü§Þ §Ú 35,74 §Ü§Þ §Ó§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Ó§í§ã§Ñ§Õ§à§Ü Apollo 15, 16 §Ú 17 §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à. §±§â§Ú§é§Ö§Þ §Ö§ã§Ý§Ú §Ó §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§ç §Õ§Ó§å§ç §Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§ñ§ç §Ú§Þ §Ò§í§Ý§à §Ù§Ñ§á§â§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§à §ã§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à §å§Õ§Ñ§Ý§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §à§ä §á§à§ã§Ñ§Õ§à§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§à§Õ§å§Ý§ñ, §ä§à §Ó§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Û §Ó§í§ã§Ñ§Õ§Ü§Ú §Ñ§ã§ä§â§à§ß§Ñ§Ó§ä§í §å§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ú§Ý§Ú §¸§µ§± §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ö§ê§Ú§ä§î §Ú§Þ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §á§à§Ö§Ù§Õ§Ü§Ú.

§¿§Ü§Ú§á§Ñ§Ø Apollo 16 §Ó§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ö§Þ§ß§í§ç §ä§â§Ö§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Ü, §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ã§Ñ §Ý§å§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ò§Ñ§Ô§Ú §Ö§ë§Ö §â§Ö§Ù§Ú§ß§à§Ó§í§Ö

§­§å§ß§ß§à§Ö §Ò§Ñ§Ô§Ô§Ú §Þ§à§Ô§Ý§à §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§Ú§ä§î §Õ§Ó§å§ç §Ñ§ã§ä§â§à§ß§Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Ó §Ó §ã§Ü§Ñ§æ§Ñ§ß§Õ§â§Ñ§ç. LRV §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ý§à 4 §Ó§Ö§Õ§å§ë§Ú§ç §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ã§Ñ, §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§à§Ö §ã §ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ §Þ§à§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ó 0,25 §Ý§à§ê§Ñ§Õ§Ú§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§Ý§í, §á§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Õ§Ó§å§Þ§ñ §ã§Ö§â§Ö§Ò§â§ñ§ß§à-§è§Ú§ß§Ü§à§Ó§í§Þ§Ú §Ñ§Ü§Ü§å§Þ§å§Ý§ñ§ä§à§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú (§à§é§Ö§ß§î §Õ§à§â§à§Ô§Ú§Ö §Ò§Ñ§ä§Ñ§â§Ö§Ú §ã §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§à§Û §å§Õ§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§à§Ö§Þ§Ü§à§ã§ä§î§ð) §á§à 121 §¡§é. §´§Ö§à§â§Ö§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§à §Ò§í§Ý§à §ç§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ú§ä§î §ß§Ñ 92 §Ü§Þ §á§â§à§Ò§Ö§Ô§Ñ, §ß§à §ä§Ñ§Ü §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à §ß§Ú §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú§Ù LRV §ß§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ö§Ù§Õ§Ú§Ý. §±§à§Ó§à§â§à§ä §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §ã §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î§ð §Õ§Ó§å§ç §Õ§à§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Þ§à§ä§à§â§à§Ó, §á§â§Ú§é§Ö§Þ §Ù§Ñ§Õ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ã§Ñ §á§à§Ó§à§â§Ñ§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ó §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§Ö §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§í, §é§ä§à §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§Ú§Ý§à §Õ§à§Ò§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§å§ã§Ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§à§â§à§ä§Ñ §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à 3 §Þ. §£§Ö§ã §Ý§å§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ò§Ñ§Ô§Ô§Ú §ß§Ñ §©§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ý 210 §Ü§Ô, §Ñ §ß§Ñ §­§å§ß§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à-§ä§à 35 §Ü§Ô.

LRV Apollo 15. §°§Ò§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§ä§Ö §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §á§Ñ§é§Ü§å §Ü§Ñ§â§ä, §Ù§Ñ§Ü§â§Ö§á§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ §Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ. §¯§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ä§à§â§à§Ó §Ú §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§ê§Ö§ä§ß§í§ç §±§¬ §Ó 1971 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ö§ë§Ö §ß§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§à

§²§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§à§Û §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î Boeing §Ú General Motors. GM §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §å§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §å§á§â§å§Ô§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ã§Ñ c §Ñ§Ý§ð§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§Ö§Ó§í§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ú§ã§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §á§Ý§Ö§ä§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ú§Ù §à§è§Ú§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §á§â§à§Ó§à§Ý§à§Ü§Ú §á§à§Ü§â§í§ê§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú c §ä§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§í§Þ§Ú §á§à§Ý§à§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §á§â§à§ä§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â§à§Ó. §©§Ñ§Ü§â§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ã§Ñ §á§í§Ý§Ö§Ó§í§Ö §ë§Ú§ä§Ü§Ú. §£§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§Ú Apollo 17 §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú§Ù §Ñ§ã§ä§â§à§ß§Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Ó §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Û§ß§à §á§à§Ó§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ý §Ü§â§í§Ý§à §Ý§å§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ò§Ñ§Ô§Ô§Ú, §é§ä§à §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ý§à §ã§Ö§â§î§Ö§Ù§ß§í§Ö §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §Ó§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §á§Ñ§ã§ã§Ñ§Ø§Ú§â§à§Ó §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §Ù§Ñ§ã§í§á§Ñ§Ý§à §é§â§Ö§Ù§Ó§í§é§Ñ§Û§ß§à §á§â§Ú§Ý§Ú§á§é§Ú§Ó§à§Û §Ý§å§ß§ß§à§Û §á§í§Ý§î§ð. §£ §Ú§ä§à§Ô§Ö §ë§Ú§ä§à§Ü-§á§í§Ý§î§ß§Ú§Ü §å§Õ§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§ä§î §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Ú§Ù §Ý§å§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§Ñ§â§ä, §á§â§Ú§Ü§â§Ö§á§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §ã §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î§ð §ã§Ü§à§ä§é§Ñ!

§´§à §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ö §á§à§Ó§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö §Ü§â§í§Ý§à. §³ §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î§ð §ã§Ü§à§ä§é§Ñ §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §à§ä§â§Ö§Þ§à§ß§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §á§à§é§ä§Ú §Ó§ã§Ö

§³ §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î§ð §ã§Ü§à§ä§é§Ñ §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §á§à§é§Ú§ß§Ú§ä§î §Ó§ã§Ö §é§ä§à §å§Ô§à§Õ§ß§à, §Õ§Ñ§Ø§Ö §Ý§å§ß§ß§í§Û §Ò§Ñ§Ô§Ô§Ú.

?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ-2? (§­§å§ß§Ñ, 1973)

§¬§à§Ý§Ö§ã§Ñ ?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ§à§Ó? §ß§Ñ§á§à§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ð§ä §Ó§Ö§Ý§à§ã§Ú§á§Ö§Õ§ß§í§Ö, §Ó§à§ä §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §à§Ò§à§Õ §Ù§Õ§Ö§ã§î ¨C §Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ý§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ö§ä§Ü§Ñ

?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ-2?, §Ñ§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä 8§¦§­ ¡í204, §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ý §ä§Ñ§Ü§å§ð §Ø§Ö §Þ§Ö§ç§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§å§ð §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è§Ú§ð, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ú §Ö§Ô§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Ü, §å§Ý§å§é§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §á§à§Õ§Ó§Ö§â§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §Ú §Ò§Ý§à§Ü §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú. §¡§Ó§ä§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§ñ ?§­§å§ß§Ñ-21? §ã §Ñ§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä§à§Þ §ß§Ñ §Ò§à§â§ä§å §á§â§Ú§Ý§å§ß§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ã§î 15 §ñ§ß§Ó§Ñ§â§ñ 1973 §Ô., §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à §Ó 172 §Ü§Þ §à§ä §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ñ, §Ô§Õ§Ö §Þ§Ö§ã§ñ§è§Ö§Þ §â§Ñ§ß§Ö§Ö §ã§Ö§Ý Apollo 17. ?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ-2? §ã§ì§Ö§ç§Ñ§Ý §ã §â§Ñ§Þ§á§í §Ú §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý §ã§Ó§à§ð 4-§ç §Þ§Ö§ã§ñ§é§ß§å§ð §Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§ð. §±§â§Ú§é§Ú§ß§à§Û §à§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä §â§Ñ§ß§î§ê§Ö §Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ü§Ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§à §á§à§á§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ý§å§ß§ß§à§Û §á§í§Ý§Ú §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ã§à§Ý§ß§Ö§é§ß§à§Û §Ò§Ñ§ä§Ñ§â§Ö§Ú §Ú§Ù-§Ù§Ñ §à§ê§Ú§Ò§Ü§Ú §Ó §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ú §á§à§ã§ä§Ö§á§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö §à§Ò§Ö§ã§ä§à§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ñ.

§¡§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý §â§Ö§Ü§à§â§Õ §á§à §Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§ß§Ö§Ù§Ö§Þ§ß§í§ç §ä§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ç, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §á§â§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö 40 §Ý§Ö§ä. §¬§ã§ä§Ñ§ä§Ú, §Ö§ç§Ñ§Ý ?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ-2? §á§à §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §Ü§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Þ, §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §á§à §ß§Ö§à§æ§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §Ü§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Þ. §³§á§à§â§í §à §ä§à§é§ß§à§Û §Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§â§à§Ò§Ö§Ô§Ñ §Ú§Õ§å§ä §Õ§à §ã§Ú§ç §á§à§â. §¯§Ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §à §Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ã §Ý§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ §á§â§à§ê§Ö§Ý 37 §Ü§Þ, §ß§à §Ó 2013 §Ô., §ß§Ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§ß§Ú§Þ§Ü§à§Ó §Ñ§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä§Ñ LRO, §â§à§ã§ã§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §å§é§Ö§ß§í§Ö §à§á§â§à§ä§Ö§ã§ä§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §ï§ä§å §è§Ú§æ§â§å, §Ù§Ñ§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ó, §é§ä§à §â§à§Ó§Ö§â §á§â§à§Ö§ç§Ñ§Ý 42,1 §Ü§Þ. §£ §Ú§ä§à§Ô§Ö, §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §à§Ò§ã§å§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ü§à§Ý§Ý§Ö§Ô§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §ã§à§ê§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ß§Ñ §è§Ú§æ§â§Ö 39 §Ü§Þ. §²§Ö§Ü§à§â§Õ ?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ§Ñ-2? §Ó §á§â§à§ê§Ý§à§Þ §Ô§à§Õ§å §á§à§Ò§Ú§Ý §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§Ú§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §â§à§Ó§Ö§â Opportunity.

?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ-2? §Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§ñ ?§­§å§ß§Ñ-21? §á§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ñ§ä §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§à§Þ§å §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§é§Ú§Ü§å §Ú§Ô§â §Ú §Ü§à§ã§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ§å §ä§å§â§Ú§ã§ä§å §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§å ?§Ý§à§â§Õ§å §¢§â§Ú§ä§Ú§ê§å? §¤§ï§â§â§Ú§à§ä§å. §°§ß §á§â§Ú§à§Ò§â§Ö§Ý §Ó§ß§Ö§Ù§Ö§Þ§ß§å§ð §ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ã §Ñ§å§Ü§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ §Ó 1993 §Ô. §°§Ò§Ñ §Ñ§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä§Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú §à§ã§ä§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §­§å§ß§Ö. §¬§ã§ä§Ñ§ä§Ú, §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ ¨C §Ñ§ã§ä§â§à§ß§Ñ§Ó§ä §Ó§à §Ó§ä§à§â§à§Þ §á§à§Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú. §¦§Ô§à §à§ä§Ö§è, §°§å§ï§ß §¤§ï§â§â§Ú§à§ä§ä, §Ó 1973 §Ô§à§Õ§å, §ã§â§Ñ§Ù§å §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§Ú ?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ§Ñ-2?, §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§Ý 58 §Õ§ß§Ö§Û §ß§Ñ §à§â§Ò§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§Ú ?§³§Ü§Ñ§Û§Ý§ï§Ò?, §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§Ó §â§Ö§Ü§à§â§Õ §á§â§Ö§Ò§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §Ü§à§ã§Þ§à§ã§Ö. §£§ä§à§â§à§Û §â§Ñ§Ù §¤§ï§â§â§Ú§à§ä§ä-§ã§ä§Ñ§â§ê§Ú§Û §á§à§Ò§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý §Ó §Ü§à§ã§Þ§à§ã§Ö §å§Ø§Ö §ß§Ñ §ê§Ñ§ä§ä§Ý§Ö ?§¬§à§Ý§å§Þ§Ò§Ú§ñ? §Ó 1983 §Ô.

?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ-2? §Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§ñ ?§­§å§ß§Ñ-21? §á§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ñ§ä §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§à§Þ§å §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§é§Ú§Ü§å §Ú§Ô§â §Ú §Ü§à§ã§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ§å §ä§å§â§Ú§ã§ä§å §²§Ú§é§Ñ§â§Õ§å ?§Ý§à§â§Õ§å §¢§â§Ú§ä§Ú§ê§å? §¤§ï§â§â§Ú§à§ä§å.

§ª§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ß§à, §é§ä§à §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý §Ú §á§à§Ý§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û ?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ-3? (8§¦§­ ¡í205), §á§â§Ú§é§Ö§Þ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ã§à§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û, §é§Ö§Þ §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú. §¦§Ô§à §Ù§Ñ§á§å§ã§Ü §Ò§í§Ý §ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§é§Ö§ß §ß§Ñ 1977-78 §Ô§Ô. §¬ §ã§à§Ø§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ð, §Ý§å§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ô§à§ß§Ü§Ñ §Ü §ä§à§Þ§å §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§å §á§à§ä§Ö§â§ñ§Ý§Ñ §ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý, §ã§Ó§à§Ò§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §ß§Ö §à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î (§Ó §³§³§³§² §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à §Ù§Ñ§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ú §ã§á§å§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú-§ê§á§Ú§à§ß§í) §Ú §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§Ü§â§í§ä§Ñ.

Sojourner (§®§Ñ§â§ã, 1997)

§®§Ñ§â§ã§à§ç§à§Õ Sojourner §Ó§á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö ?§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§Ö§ä? §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß§à§ã§ä§î §®§Ñ§â§ã§Ñ

§¢§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §é§Ö§Þ 20-§Ý§Ö§ä§ß§Ú§Û §Þ§Ö§â§ä§Ó§í§Û §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ §Ó §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú §Ó§ß§Ö§Ù§Ö§Þ§ß§í§ç §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§à§Ó §Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§é§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §Ó 1997 §Ô§à§Õ§å. §¯§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§Ú§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ô§à§ß§Ü§Ñ, §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Õ§Ñ §Ü§â§à§Þ§Ö NASA §Ü §ß§Ö§Û §á§à§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ú§Ü§ä§à §ß§Ö §á§â§Ú§ã§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ.

§®§Ú§ß§Ú§Ñ§ä§ð§â§ß§í§Û §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§à§ç§à§Õ Sojourner §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î§ð §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ü§à§ã§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§Ú Mars Pathfinder, §Ù§Ñ§á§å§ë§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ü §¬§â§Ñ§ã§ß§à§Û §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä§Ö §Ó §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ò§â§Ö 1996 §Ô. §¡§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä §â§Ñ§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§à§Þ §ã §Ü§â§å§á§ß§å§ð §â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§à§å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§å§ð §Þ§Ñ§ê§Ú§ß§Ü§å §Ó§Ö§ã§Ú§Ý §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à 11,5 §Ü§Ô (§à§Ü§à§Ý§à 4 §Ü§Ô §ß§Ñ §®§Ñ§â§ã§Ö) §Ú §ß§Ö §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ö§ß §Ò§í§Ý §å§Õ§Ñ§Ý§ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §à§ä §Ò§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§à§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§Ú Pathfinder §Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ö§Ö 500 §Þ. §©§Ñ §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§Ú, §Õ§Ý§Ú§Ó§ê§Ö§Û§ã§ñ 83 §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§Ú§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Õ§ß§ñ §Ó§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§à 30 §Ù§Ñ§á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç, §Þ§Ñ§Ý§í§ê §á§â§à§ê§Ö§Ý §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à 100 §Þ.

Sojourner §Ö§ë§Ö §ß§Ñ §©§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö, §à§Ò§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§ä§Ö §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ ?§ê§Ú§á§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§å§ð §â§Ö§Ù§Ú§ß§å?

§£§ã§ð §Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß§ð§ð §á§Ñ§ß§Ö§Ý§î §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§à§ç§à§Õ§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §ã§à§Ý§ß§Ö§é§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ò§Ñ§ä§Ñ§â§Ö§ñ, §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ò§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ñ§ñ §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 15 §£§ä §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú. §¬§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â Sojourner §Ò§í§Ý §á§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß §ß§Ñ §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ö §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§à§â§Ñ Intel 80C85 §ã §ä§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§Ó§à§Û §é§Ñ§ã§ä§à§ä§à§Û 2 §®§¤§è. §¿§ä§Ñ §å§ã§à§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ö§ß§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ñ §é§Ú§á§Ñ Intel 8080, §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ö§ë§Ö §Ó 1976 §Ô§à§Õ§å, §Ù§Ñ 20 §Ý§Ö§ä §Õ§à §Ù§Ñ§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ Pathfinder! §¬§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§Ý §é§Ö§ä§í§â§Ö §ä§Ú§á§Ñ §á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§Ú: 64 §¬§¢ §à§á§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§Ü§Ú, 16 §¬§¢ §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§à§Û §Ü §â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §á§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§Ú, 176 §¬§¢ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ù§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ§à§Û §á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§Ú §Ú SSD §ß§Ñ 512 §¬§¢. §¥§Ó§Ö §æ§â§à§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§í §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§à§ç§à§Õ§Ñ §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ý§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö 768¡Á484 §á§Ú§Ü§ã§Ö§Ý§ñ, §é§ä§à §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§Ú§Ý§à §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ó§á§à§Ý§ß§Ö §á§â§Ú§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö §á§Ñ§ß§à§â§Ñ§Þ§í §ß§Ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §ã§Ö§â§Ú§Ú §ã§ß§Ú§Þ§Ü§à§Ó.

§¯§Ñ §ï§ä§à§Þ §ã§ß§Ú§Þ§Ü§Ö Sojourner §ç§à§â§à§ê§à §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ß §ã§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Û §Ñ§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä Pathfinder

§¯§Ö§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§ñ §ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â§Ñ, §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§à§Þ §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §ã §©§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ú. §³§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ã§à§æ§ä Rover Control Software §Ù§Ñ§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§é§Ú§ç §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§ñ§ç Silicon Graphics Onyx2, §Ñ §Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§í §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §Ò§í§Ý§à §à§ä§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ã §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î§ð §Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§æ§Ö§Û§ã§Ñ. §°§Ü§â§å§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§å§ð §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î §à§á§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§à§â§í §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ó 3D-§à§é§Ü§Ñ§ç, §Ú§Ù§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §ã §Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â §á§à§ã§Ñ§Õ§à§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§à§Õ§å§Ý§ñ.

Sojourner §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ó§Ö§ä§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §Ó §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§Ú§ç §æ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§ç. §£ §æ§Ú§Ý§î§Þ§Ö ?§¬§â§Ñ§ã§ß§Ñ§ñ §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä§Ñ? (2000) §Ù§Ñ§ã§ä§â§ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§Û §ß§Ñ §®§Ñ§â§ã§Ö §Ô§Ö§â§à§Û §£§ï§Ý§Ñ §¬§Ú§Ý§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ §ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§à§ç§à§Õ §Ú §ã§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Û §Ñ§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä §Ú §ã§à§Ò§Ú§â§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ú§Ù §Ú§ç §Ü§à§Þ§á§à§ß§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó §á§â§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û§ê§Ö§Û §â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü §Õ§Ý§ñ §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú §ã §à§â§Ò§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §Þ§à§Õ§å§Ý§Ö§Þ. §¤§Ö§â§à§Û §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ñ §¿§ß§Õ§Ú §µ§Ú§â§Ñ ?§®§Ñ§â§ã§Ú§Ñ§ß§Ú§ß? (2014) §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§ä §Ù§Ñ§á§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§à§ç§à§Õ§Ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú §ã §©§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö§Û.

Planetary Undersurface Tool (§®§Ñ§â§ã, 2003)

PLUTO (§Þ§Ö§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ý§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ ?§â§å§é§Ü§Ñ? §ß§Ñ §Ó§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§é§Ü§Ö) §â§ñ§Õ§à§Þ §ã Beagle 2

§¯§Ö§à§Ò§í§é§ß§í§Û ?§á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä§à§ç§à§Õ? §Ó§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Ý §Ó §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó §Ò§â§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§ã§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ñ§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä§Ñ Beagle 2. Planetary Undersurface Tool, §Ú§Ý§Ú PLUTO, §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ö§ß §Ò§í§Ý §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Þ §á§à§Õ§Ù§Ö§Þ§ß§í§Þ, §ä§à§é§ß§Ö§Û §á§à§Õ§Þ§Ñ§â§ã§ß§í§Þ ?§â§à§Ó§Ö§â§à§Þ?. §¯§Ö§Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§à§Û §Þ§Ö§ç§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ §ã §á§â§å§Ø§Ú§ß§ß§í§Þ §á§â§Ú§Ó§à§Õ§à§Þ §Þ§à§Ô §á§Ö§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ë§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §ã§à §ã§Ü§à§â§à§ã§ä§î§ð 20 §Þ§Þ/§ã §Ú §Ù§Ñ§â§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ó §Ô§â§å§ß§ä §Õ§Ý§ñ §ã§Ò§à§â§Ñ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§è§à§Ó. §¬ §ã§à§Ø§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ð, 25 §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ò§â§ñ 2003 §Ô. §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §á§à§ã§Ñ§Õ§Ü§Ú §ß§Ñ §®§Ñ§â§ã, §ã§à§Ý§ß§Ö§é§ß§í§Ö §Ò§Ñ§ä§Ñ§â§Ö§Ú Beagle 2 §ß§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§Ü§â§í§Ý§Ú§ã§î §á§à§Ý§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ú §ß§Ñ §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§î §Ù§à§ß§Õ §ß§Ö §Ó§í§ê§Ö§Ý.

Spirit (§®§Ñ§â§ã, 2004¨C2010)

Spirit §ß§Ñ §®§Ñ§â§ã§Ö. §ª§Ù§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ñ §Õ§à§Ò§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§à §ß§Ñ §æ§à§ä§à §Ú§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à

§±§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ NASA Mars Exploration Rover Mission (MER) §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §à§ä§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ü§å §ß§Ñ §®§Ñ§â§ã §Õ§Ó§å§ç §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ü§â§å§á§ß§í§ç §Ú §ã§à§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §é§Ö§Þ Sojourner §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§à§Ó. MER-A Spirit §Ú MER-B Opportunity §ã§ä§Ñ§â§ä§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ü §¬§â§Ñ§ã§ß§à§Û §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä§Ö 10 §Ú§ð§ß§ñ §Ú 7 §Ú§ð§Ý§ñ 2003 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à. §ª§ç §Ø§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §ã§à§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ö§ß§ß§à §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã§å§Õ§î§Ò§Ñ.

§³ §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§í §à§ä§Ý§Ú§é§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú §ã§Ö§Ò§ñ §á§à-§â§Ñ§Ù§ß§à§Þ§å. Spirit §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §Ú §ã§à§Ò§Ú§â§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Þ, §Ú §Ó§ã§Ö §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ó §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ú §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §á§à §å§Þ§à§Ý§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ö§Þ§å. §£ Opportunity §Ø§Ö §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §å§Ø§Ö §ß§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ú §à§Ò§Ü§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §ß§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ö §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ.

§µ§á§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ Spirit §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ §Ù§Ñ§á§å§ã§Ü§à§Þ. §³§à§Ý§ß§Ö§é§ß§í§Ö §á§Ñ§ß§Ö§Ý§Ú §ã§à§Ò§â§Ñ§ß§í, §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ã§Ñ §á§à§Õ§Ø§Ñ§ä§í

§º§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ã§ß§í§Ö MER §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §Ü§â§å§á§ß§Ö§Û §á§â§Ö§Õ§ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ. §£§í§ã§à§ä§Ñ §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§à§Ó §ã §Ó§í§ß§à§ã§ß§à§Û §Þ§Ñ§é§ä§à§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ý§Ñ 1,5 §Þ, §ê§Ú§â§Ú§ß§Ñ 2,3 §Þ §Ú §Õ§Ý§Ú§ß§Ñ 1,6 §Þ, §á§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §Ó§Ö§ã §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§à§ç§à§Õ§à§Ó §ß§Ñ §©§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö §Ò§í§Ý §â§Ñ§Ó§Ö§ß 185 §Ü§Ô ¨C 64 §Ü§Ô §ß§Ñ §®§Ñ§â§ã§Ö.

§³§à§Ý§ß§Ö§é§ß§í§Ö §á§Ñ§ß§Ö§Ý§Ú, §Ó §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §ß§Ñ§á§à§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ§Õ§Ü§â§í§Ý§î§ñ §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§à§Ô§à §Ø§å§Ü§Ñ, §Ó §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ö §Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §Ó§í§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú 140 §£§ä §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú §Ú §Ù§Ñ§â§ñ§Ø§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Õ§Ó§Ö §Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§Û-§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ò§Ñ§ä§Ñ§â§Ö§Ú §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ñ. §©§Ñ§á§í§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§Ñ§ß§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à §ã§ß§Ú§Ù§Ú§Ý§à §Ú§ç §Þ§à§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §Ü§â§à§Þ§Ö §ä§à§Ô§à, §Ñ§Ü§Ü§å§Þ§å§Ý§ñ§ä§à§â§í, §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §é§Ö§Þ §Ó 20 §â§Ñ§Ù §á§â§Ö§Ó§í§ã§Ú§Ý§à §â§Ñ§ã§é§Ö§ä§ß§à§Ö, §å§ã§á§Ö§Ý§Ú §Õ§Ö§Ô§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î.

Spirit §á§à§Ü§Ú§ß§å§Ý §á§à§ã§Ñ§Õ§à§é§ß§å§ð §á§Ý§Ñ§ä§æ§à§â§Þ§å 18 §ñ§ß§Ó§Ñ§â§ñ 2004 §Ô.

§£ §à§ä§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ö §à§ä Sojourner §Ü§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â MER §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ä§î §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ô§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Ö §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à, §à§â§Ú§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§â§å§ñ§ã§î §ß§Ñ §Ò§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§í§Ö §å§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã §©§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ú. §³§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§à§Õ §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §°§³ VxWorks §à§ä Wind River, §Õ§à§é§Ö§â§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Û Intel. VxWorks, §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ñ §ã 1987 §Ô., §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§à §Ó§ã§ä§â§Ñ§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ç §Ó §Ü§à§ã§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ú §Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Û §ä§Ö§ç§ß§Ú§Ü§Ö, §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§ç, §ã§Ö§ä§Ö§Ó§à§Þ §à§Ò§à§â§å§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú, §Ú§ß§Õ§å§ã§ä§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §â§à§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ç, §Þ§Ö§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §á§â§Ú§Ò§à§â§Ñ§ç §Ú §ä.§Õ. §¯§Ö§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§ñ §ß§Ñ §ä§Ö§ã§ß§å§ð §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§î Wind River §Ú Intel, §Ü§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â§í §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§Ú§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§à§Ó §Ó§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §á§à§Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß§í §ß§Ñ §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ö §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §é§Ú§á§à§Ó IBM RAD6000 (§ß§Ñ §ä§Ö§Ü§å§ë§Ú§Û §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§ñ§ä§ã§ñ BAE Systems) §ã §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§à§Û §à§ä §Ü§à§ã§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú. §³§ä§à§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§î §à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Ô§à §é§Ú§á§Ñ §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä $200-300 §ä§í§ã. §á§â§Ú §Þ§Ñ§Ü§ã§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ä§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§Ó§à§Û §é§Ñ§ã§ä§à§ä§Ö 33 §®§¤§è.

§³§ä§à§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§î §à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §é§Ú§á§Ñ IBM RAD6000 §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ò§à§â§ä§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â§Ñ §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§à§ç§à§Õ§Ñ §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä $200-300 §ä§í§ã.

§¬§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â§í Spirit §Ú Opportunity §Ö§ë§Ö §ã§Ü§â§à§Þ§ß§Ö§Û. §£ §ß§Ú§ç §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§à§â BAE RAD6000 §ã §é§Ñ§ã§ä§à§ä§à§Û 20 §®§¤§è. §³§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §à§ã§ß§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ñ 128 §®§¢ RAM, 256 §®§¢ §æ§Ý§Ö§ê-§á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§Ú §Ú 3 §®§¢ §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§à§ß§Ö§Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§Þ§à§Û §á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§Ú EEPROM. §£ §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú §ã §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ü§à§Û §ã§Ú§Ô§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ó §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ö §©§Ö§Þ§Ý§ñ¨C§®§Ñ§â§ã (§à§ä 8 §Õ§à 42 §Þ§Ú§ß§å§ä) §Ú §Ú§Ù-§Ù§Ñ §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à §á§â§ñ§Þ§í§Ö §ã§Ö§Ñ§ß§ã§í §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú §ã §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§à§Þ §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§í §Ý§Ú§ê§î §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §â§Ñ§Ù §Ó §Õ§Ö§ß§î, §Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§í §ß§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §â§Ñ§Ù §Ó §ã§å§ä§Ü§Ú. §¡§Ó§ä§à§ß§à§Þ§ß§à§Ö §±§° §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §Ó§í§Ò§à§â §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ö 15-40 §ä§í§ã. §ä§à§é§Ö§Ü, §ã§é§Ú§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §ã 3D-§ã§ß§Ú§Þ§Ü§à§Ó, §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§Ö§â§Ö§à§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§à§ç§à§Õ§Ñ.

§©§Ñ§ç§à§Õ §³§à§Ý§ß§è§Ñ §ß§Ñ §®§Ñ§â§ã§Ö, 2005 §Ô.

Spirit §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Þ §Þ§Ö§Ø§á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä§ß§í§Þ §Ñ§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä§à§Þ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Þ§å §Õ§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à §à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ý§Ú §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§ß§à§Ö §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö. §±§Ö§â§Ó§í§Û §ã§Ò§à§Û §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §Ü§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â§Ñ §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§à§ê§Ö§Ý §Ò§å§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §ß§Ñ 18 §Õ§Ö§ß§î §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í ¨C §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§à§ç§à§Õ §å§ê§Ö§Ý §Ó §è§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§å§ð §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ù§Ñ§Ô§â§å§Ù§Ü§å §Ú §ß§Ö §à§ä§Ó§Ö§é§Ñ§Ý §ß§Ñ §Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§í §ã §©§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ú. §£§Ú§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§à §à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §±§° §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §æ§Ý§Ö§ê-§á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§î§ð. §±§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§ß§í§Ö §æ§Ñ§Û§Ý§í §å§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ý§Ú §Õ§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à, §æ§Ñ§Û§Ý§à§Ó§å§ð §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§å §á§Ö§â§Ö§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú.

§³§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ö§Ö §ß§Ö§ã§é§Ñ§ã§ä§î§Ö §ß§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ô§Ý§à Spirit §Ó 2006 §Ô§à§Õ§å. §µ §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ñ §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §ã §á§â§Ñ§Ó§í§Þ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ã§à§Þ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ö §Ó §Ü§à§ß§Ö§é§ß§à§Þ §Ú§ä§à§Ô§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§à §Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ. §£ §Ú§ä§à§Ô§Ö §±§° §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§à§ç§à§Õ§Ñ §Ò§í§Ý§à §Þ§à§Õ§Ú§æ§Ú§è§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§à §ä§Ñ§Ü, §é§ä§à §ä§Ö§á§Ö§â§î Spirit §Ö§ç§Ñ§Ý §Ù§Ñ§Õ§à§Þ §ß§Ñ§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ, §Ó§à§Ý§à§é§Ñ §Ù§Ñ §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ò§à§é§Ö§Ö §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ã§à.

§©§Ñ§á§í§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§à§Ý§ß§Ö§é§ß§í§ç §á§Ñ§ß§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û Spirit §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§Ý§à §Ü §ß§Ö§Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ä§Ü§å §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú. 2007 §Ô

§£ 2007 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§à§ç§à§Õ §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ú§Ý §à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §±§° ?§á§à §Ü§à§ã§Þ§à§ã§å?. §²§à§Ó§Ö§â§å §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ó §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Ú §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §Ó §ä§à§Þ §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö §Ó §æ§à§ä§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§á§å§Ý§ñ§ä§à§â§à§Þ, §ï§ä§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §å§ã§Ü§à§â§Ú§Ý§à §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§å§ð §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§å. §¬§ã§ä§Ñ§ä§Ú, §á§à§Ý§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Ö §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ã§à §ä§à§Ø§Ö §á§à§Þ§à§Ô§Ý§à §å§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ. §£§à§Ý§à§é§Ñ§ã§î §Ù§Ñ Spirit, §à§ß§à §ã§à§ã§Ü§â§Ö§Ò§Ñ§Ý§à §Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß§Ú§Û §ã§Ý§à§Û §á§à§é§Ó§í, §à§Ò§ß§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ñ §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ß§í§Ö §à§ä§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ.

§±§í§Ý§Ö§Ó§à§Û §Ó§Ú§ç§â§î §ß§Ñ §®§Ñ§â§ã§Ö. §£§à-§á§Ö§â§Ó§í§ç, §ï§ä§à §Ü§â§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ó§à. §£§à-§Ó§ä§à§â§í§ç, §à§ß §à§é§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ý §ã§à§Ý§ß§Ö§é§ß§í§Ö §á§Ñ§ß§Ö§Ý§Ú §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ñ §à§ä §á§í§Ý§Ú

§±§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î, §é§ä§à Spirit §Ú Opportunity §á§â§à§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ð§ä §ß§Ñ §®§Ñ§â§ã§Ö 90 §Õ§ß§Ö§Û, §ß§à §à§Ò§Ñ §Ñ§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä§Ñ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §é§Ö§Þ §Ó 20 §â§Ñ§Ù §á§â§Ö§Ó§í§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú §â§Ñ§ã§é§Ö§ä§ß§í§Û §ã§â§à§Ü §ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ò§í. Spirit §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§à§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý 2269 §ã§å§ä§à§Ü (2208 §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§Ú§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Õ§ß§Ö§Û), §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Ö 325 §ã§å§ä§à§Ü §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §ß§Ö§á§à§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§ß§à§Û §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§à§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§Ú. §²§à§Ó§Ö§â §Ù§Ñ§ã§ä§â§ñ§Ý §Ó §á§Ö§ã§Ü§Ö, §Ú, §ç§à§ä§ñ §ï§ä§à §Ò§í§Ý§à §å§Ø§Ö §ß§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ö §á§à§Õ§à§Ò§ß§à§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §Ó §ç§à§Õ§Ö §Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§Ú, §Ó §ï§ä§à§ä §â§Ñ§Ù §Ó§í§ã§Ó§à§Ò§à§Õ§Ú§ä§î §Ö§Ô§à §ß§Ö §å§Õ§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î. §±§â§Ú§é§Ö§Þ §Ù§Ñ§ã§ä§â§ñ§Ý Spirit §á§à§Õ §ß§Ö§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §å§Ô§Ý§à§Þ §Ü §ã§à§Ý§ß§è§å §Ú §Ò§Ñ§ä§Ñ§â§Ö§Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ò§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú §Þ§Ö§ß§î§ê§Ö, §é§Ö§Þ §ä§â§Ö§Ò§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î. §£ §Ú§ä§à§Ô§Ö §Ñ§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä §Ò§í§Ý §à§Ò§Ö§ã§ä§à§é§Ö§ß §Ú §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ù. §°§Õ§à§Þ§Ö§ä§â Spirit §ß§Ñ§Þ§à§ä§Ñ§Ý §ã §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§Ú 7730 §Þ.

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§¯§Ñ§Ù§Ö§Þ§ß§à§Ö §ä§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö MER §ß§Ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §ä§Ú§á§Ñ§ç §Ô§â§å§ß§ä§Ñ

§£ 2005 §Ô. §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§à§ç§à§Õ §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ú§Ý §à§Ò§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §±§°, §æ§Ú§Ü§ã§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ü§â§å§ä§Ü§å §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ã §Ú §Ò§Ý§à§Ü§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ú§ç §Ó §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Ö §à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ù§Ñ§ã§ä§â§ñ§ä§î.

§°§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ú§Ù §ã§Ö§â§î§Ö§Ù§ß§í§ç §á§à§Ý§à§Þ§à§Ü Opportunity §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §à§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ù §à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§Ù §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§á§å§Ý§ñ§ä§à§â§Ñ §Ó 2008 §Ô., §ç§à§ä§ñ §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §ã §Þ§Ö§ç§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §â§å§Ü§à§Û §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §å§Ø§Ö §ß§Ñ §Ó§ä§à§â§à§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î §Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §Ö§ë§Ö §Ó 2004 §Ô. §¹§ä§à§Ò§í §Ú§Ù§Ò§Ö§Ø§Ñ§ä§î §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ý§Ú§ß§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ö§Ô§à §Ó §ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ò§à§é§Ö§Þ §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú, §å§é§Ö§ß§í§Ö §â§Ö§ê§Ú§Ý§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ë§Ñ§ä§î §â§à§Ó§Ö§â §ã §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ö§â§ß§å§ä§í§Þ §Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§á§å§Ý§ñ§ä§à§â§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §å§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à §â§Ú§ã§Ü §Ö§Ô§à §á§à§Ý§à§Þ§Ü§Ú. §¬§Ñ§Ü §Ú Spirit, §ã §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ Opportunity §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ§Õ§à§Þ §ß§Ñ§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ.

§£ 2014 §Ô. §â§à§Ó§Ö§â §á§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ô§Ý§Ú §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §ã §æ§Ý§Ö§ê-§á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§î§ð, §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö §ä§Ö§Þ, §é§ä§à §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §å Spirit. §¯§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ù§Ñ§Ô§â§å§Ù§à§Ü §Ò§à§â§ä§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â§Ñ §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§à§ç§à§Õ §Ó §á§à§â§ñ§Õ§à§Ü. §£ 2015 §Ô§à§Õ§å §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ñ §ã §á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§î§ð §Ó§Ö§â§ß§å§Ý§Ñ§ã§î, §Ò§í§Ý§à §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§à §Ö§Ö §æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö.

§¬§â§å§á§ß§í§Û §Ü§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§â §ª§ß§Õ§Ö§Ó§à§â, §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ Opportunity §ß§Ñ §á§â§à§ä§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§ç §Ý§Ö§ä

§¯§Ñ §ä§Ö§Ü§å§ë§Ú§Û §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä Opportunity §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§Ö§ä §ã§Ó§à§ð §Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§ð, §ç§à§ä§ñ §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î §Ö§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§í§ç §á§â§Ú§Ò§à§â§à§Ó §å§Ø§Ö §ß§Ö §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§à§ß§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä, §à§Õ§Ú§ß §à§Ò§à§Ô§â§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Ó§í§ê§Ö§Ý §Ú§Ù §ã§ä§â§à§ñ, §ã§à§Ý§ß§Ö§é§ß§í§Ö §á§Ñ§ß§Ö§Ý§Ú §Ó§í§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä §ß§Ñ§Þ§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ö§ß§î§ê§Ö §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§Ú, §é§Ö§Þ §Ó §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ö §Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§Ú, §Ñ §Ñ§Ü§Ü§å§Þ§å§Ý§ñ§ä§à§â§í §ç§å§Ø§Ö §Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ä §Ù§Ñ§â§ñ§Õ.

Spirit §Ú Opportunity §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ä §à§Õ§Ú§ß §ß§Ñ §Õ§Ó§à§Ú§ç §ä§Ó§Ú§ä§ä§Ö§â-§Ñ§Ü§Ü§Ñ§å§ß§ä. §¬§â§à§Þ§Ö §ä§à§Ô§à, §Ù§Ñ §ç§à§Õ§à§Þ §Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §ß§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ð§Õ§Ñ§ä§î §ß§Ñ §à§æ§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§Ü§Ö NASA §Ú§Ý§Ú §ß§Ñ §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §ã§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö, §á§à§ã§Ó§ñ§ë§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ §®§Ñ§â§ã§Ñ.

Curiosity (§®§Ñ§â§ã, 2013¨C)

§­§å§é§ê§Ö§Ö §Ó §Þ§Ú§â§Ö §ã§Ö§Ý§æ§Ú. Curiosity §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Ö§ä §æ§à§ä§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ú §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ô§à §ã§Ö§Ò§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §å§é§Ö§ß§í§Ö §Þ§à§Ô§Ý§Ú §à§è§Ö§ß§Ú§ä§î §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ñ

Curiosity, §Ú§Ý§Ú Mars Science Laboratory, ¡ª §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§Û §ã§à§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §ß§Ñ §ã§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ §Ó§ß§Ö§Ù§Ö§Þ§ß§à§Û §â§à§Ó§Ö§â. §±§â§Ú §Ö§Ô§à §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Ò§í§Ý §å§é§ä§Ö§ß §à§á§í§ä MER, §Ú §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ö§Ô§à §á§Ý§Ñ§ä§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§à§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §â§à§Ò§à§ä§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§Û §ß§Ñ §®§Ñ§â§ã§Ö.

§¯§Ñ §©§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö Curiosity §Ó§Ö§ã§Ú§ä §á§à§é§ä§Ú 900 §Ü§Ô (342 §Ü§Ô §ß§Ñ §®§Ñ§â§ã§Ö) §Ú §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä §Ô§Ñ§Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§ä§í 2,9¡Á2,7¡Á2,2 §Þ, §é§ä§à §Õ§Ñ§Ø§Ö §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö, §é§Ö§Þ §å ?§­§å§ß§à§ç§à§Õ§à§Ó?. §ª§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§ã§Ö §ä§Ñ §Ø§Ö §ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ã§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã§ç§Ö§Þ§Ñ, §ã §ß§Ö§Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§Þ§í§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ã. §±§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §Õ§Ó§Ö §á§Ñ§â§í §à§ã§Ö§Û ¨C §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Ö, §é§ä§à §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§å §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§à§â§Ñ§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ö. §£ §à§ä§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ö §à§ä MER §Ú Sojourner, §á§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§à§ç§à§Õ §ß§Ö §à§ä §ã§à§Ý§ß§Ö§é§ß§í§ç §Ò§Ñ§ä§Ñ§â§Ö§Û, §Ñ §à§ä §â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§à§Ú§Ù§à§ä§à§á§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§Ö§â§Þ§à§ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§à§â§Ñ §ß§Ñ §á§Ý§å§ä§à§ß§Ú§Ú-238. §£ §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ö §Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §²§ª§´§¿§¤ §Ó§í§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ý 125 §£§ä, §é§Ö§â§Ö§Ù 14 §Ý§Ö§ä §Ö§Ô§à §Þ§à§ë§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ß§Ö§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §å§á§Ñ§Õ§Ö§ä, §Õ§à 100 §£§ä. §±§Ý§ð§ã §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Ô§à §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ ¨C §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§î §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§à§é§î§ð, §ß§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ö§ä§î §à§ä §å§Ô§Ý§Ñ §ß§Ñ§Ü§Ý§à§ß§Ñ §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ñ, §Ù§Ñ§á§í§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ó§à§Ù§Õ§å§ç§Ñ §Ú §ã§à§Ý§ß§Ö§é§ß§í§ç §á§Ñ§ß§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û.

§±§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§ñ§ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§Õ§Ú§ñ §á§à§ã§Ñ§Õ§Ü§Ú. ?§¯§Ö§Ò§Ö§ã§ß§í§Û §Ü§â§Ñ§ß? §à§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ö§ä Curiosity §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß§à§ã§ä§î §®§Ñ§â§ã§Ñ

§¢§à§â§ä§à§Ó§à§Û §Ü§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â Curiosity §á§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß §ß§Ñ §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ö §é§Ú§á§Ñ BAE RAD750, §ß§Ñ§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §ä§à§Ô§à §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ô§à RAD6000, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §Ó §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ñ§ç MER. §©§Ñ§ë§Ú§ë§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §à§ä §â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú RAD750 ¨C §ï§ä§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §Ó §ï§Ü§ã§ä§â§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ñ§ç §Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ñ §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§à§â§Ñ IBM PowerPC 750, §ä§à§Ô§à §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ô§à, §ß§Ñ §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ö §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ó§ã§Ö §Ü§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â§í Apple §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §Ó§à§Ù§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §³§ä§Ú§Ó§Ñ §¥§Ø§à§Ò§ã§Ñ §Ó 1998 §Ô. §¯§Ñ PowerPC 750 §ã§ä§â§à§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §à§â§Ú§Ô§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û iMac, PowerBook G3, iBooks, Power Macintosh. §±§â§Ñ§Ó§Õ§Ñ, §ã§ä§à§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§î RAD750 §ß§Ñ §Õ§Ó§Ñ §á§à§â§ñ§Õ§Ü§Ñ §Ó§í§ê§Ö, §é§Ö§Þ §å §Ü§à§Þ§Þ§Ö§â§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§à§â§à§Ó ¨C §à§Ü§à§Ý§à $200 §ä§í§ã. §Ù§Ñ §ê§ä§å§Ü§å.

§µ Curiosity §Õ§Ó§Ñ §Ü§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â§Ñ, §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§à§Û §Ú §â§Ö§Ù§Ö§â§Ó§ß§í§Û. §°§Ò§Ñ §à§ã§ß§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§í §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§à§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú BAE RAD750 §ã §é§Ñ§ã§ä§à§ä§à§Û 132 §®§¤§è, 256 §®§¢ RAM, 2 §¤§¢ §æ§Ý§Ö§ê-§á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§Ú §Ú 256 §¬§¢ EEPROM. §µ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§à§Û §Ó§ã§Ö §ä§Ñ §Ø§Ö §°§³ VxWorks §à§ä Wind River. §£§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§Ú §å§é§Ö§ß§í§Þ §á§â§Ú§ê§Ý§à§ã§î §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ú§ä§î §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§å §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ñ §ß§Ñ §â§Ö§Ù§Ö§â§Ó§ß§í§Û §±§¬, §ß§Ö§á§à§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ü§Ú §Ó §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ö §å§Ø§Ö §Ý§Ú§Ü§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú.

§±§Ñ§ß§à§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ §Ó §é§Ö§ã§ä§î §á§â§à§Ò§Ö§Ô§Ñ 10 §Ü§Þ

§³ §å§é§Ö§ä§à§Þ §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§à§Ó, §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§í§Õ§å§ë§Ú§Þ§Ú §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §å§é§Ö§ß§í§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§ð Curiosity §ß§Ñ 687 §Õ§ß§Ö§Û. §¯§Ñ §ä§Ö§Ü§å§ë§Ú§Û §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §Ú§Õ§å§ä §å§Ø§Ö 992 §ã§å§ä§Ü§Ú §á§â§Ö§Ò§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ñ§á§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä§Ñ §ß§Ñ §®§Ñ§â§ã§Ö, §Ñ §Ö§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ò§Ö§Ô §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä 10 §Ü§Þ, §ß§à §ß§Ñ §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§Ú§ç §ä§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§í§ç §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ã§Ñ§ç §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§à§ç§à§Õ§Ñ §å§Ø§Ö §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ã§Ö§â§î§Ö§Ù§ß§í§Ö §á§à§Ó§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ.

Curiosity §ä§à§Ø§Ö §Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ä §ä§Ó§Ú§ä§ä§Ö§â §Ú §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§Ü§å §ß§Ñ Facebook. §®§Ñ§ã§ã§å §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §ß§Ñ§Û§ä§Ú §Ú §ß§Ñ §à§æ§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§è§Ñ§ç §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ §ß§Ñ §ã§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö NASA §Ú§Ý§Ú JPL.

§´§â§Ú §á§à§Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ñ§â§ã§Ú§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §â§à§Ó§Ö§â§à§Ó: Sojourner, MER (Spirit §Ú Opportunity) §Ú Curiosity

Yutu (§­§å§ß§Ñ, 2013¨C )

§¬§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à §Ü§Ú§ä§Ñ§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û Yutu §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §ã§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§Ù §ã§à§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ú §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §ß§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§à§Ü

§±§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §á§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú §Ù§Ñ§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ §Ó§ß§Ö§Ù§Ö§Þ§ß§í§Þ §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä§à§ç§à§Õ§à§Þ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §Ü§Ú§ä§Ñ§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û ?§¯§Ö§æ§â§Ú§ä§à§Ó§í§Û §Ù§Ñ§ñ§è?, §Ý§å§ß§ß§í§Û §â§à§Ó§Ö§â Yutu (?§À§Û§ä§å?), §Ù§Ñ§á§å§ë§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û 1 §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§Ò§â§ñ 2013 §Ô.

§¬§Ú§ä§Ñ§Û §ã §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ñ §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ý §ä§à, §ß§Ñ §é§ä§à §³§³§³§² §Ú §³§º§¡ §á§à§ß§Ñ§Õ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ô§à§Õ§í §Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ý§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §á§à§á§í§ä§à§Ü.

Yutu §Ò§í§Ý §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß §ß§Ñ §­§å§ß§å §Þ§Ö§Ø§á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§ã§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§Ö§Û Chang'e 3 (?§¹§Ñ§ß§ì§ï-3?), §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §Ó§á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö 40-§Ý§Ö§ä§ß§Ö§Ô§à §á§Ö§â§Ö§â§í§Ó§Ñ §ã§à§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ú§Ý§Ñ §Þ§ñ§Ô§Ü§å§ð §á§à§ã§Ñ§Õ§Ü§å §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ã§á§å§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ. §¯§Ñ§Õ§à §Ò§í§Ý§à §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ä§î §ã §Ü§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §Ó§à§à§Õ§å§ê§Ö§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ü§Ú§ä§Ñ§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ö§ä§í §Ú §ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ö§á§à§Õ§ß§à§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú §ï§ä§à §ã§à§Ò§í§ä§Ú§Ö. ?§¬§Ú§ä§Ñ§Û §ã §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ñ §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ý §ä§à, §ß§Ñ §é§ä§à §³§³§³§² §Ú §³§º§¡ §á§à§ß§Ñ§Õ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ô§à§Õ§í §Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ý§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §á§à§á§í§ä§à§Ü?, §Ù§Ó§å§é§Ñ§Ý§à §â§Ö§æ§â§Ö§ß§à§Þ §Ó §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§à§Þ §ã§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú. §¿§ä§à §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §ä§Ñ§Ü, §ß§à §ß§Ö §ã§ä§à§Ú§ä §Ù§Ñ§Ò§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î, §é§ä§à §Ù§Ñ §á§â§à§ê§Ö§Õ§ê§Ú§Ö 40 §Ý§Ö§ä §å§â§à§Ó§Ö§ß§î §ä§Ö§ç§ß§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Û §ä§à§Ø§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î.

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